Are you a journalist, student, humanist, or futurist looking for the inside on Liquid Fission Thorium? Unlimited energy. Secure. Reliable. This page is for you.
We’ve been asked many times for a summary of resources or key people to speak with.
Are we biased? Of course we are. The technology allows us to be. Indeed it demands we not be humble.
Read on and you’ll know why. You’ll want to [Join Us] too.
A Future Powered by Thorium is our objective. We are leveraging the billions of USD in today’s value and millions of hours invested over 50 years ago in a technology that is demonstrably superior to anything else we have today.
China already knows this. In 2011 it committed USD3.3 billion and 700 engineers to revive the US Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment from the 1960s. Today, China’s TMSR-LF1 is generating power — the first nation to do so. The original Hastelloy superalloy needed for these reactors was developed in the 1950s by just two companies in the world. China, working with Australia, and Professor Adi Patternson (see below), has now developed an independent supply.
India is moving next. In 2025, India began opening its Thorium sector to private companies, and NTPC partnered with US-based Clean Core Thorium Energy to deploy Thorium fuel in existing reactors — a first for the country.
See this chart of energy density from an Australian government website. Everything else pales into insignificance when compared to Liquid Fission Thorium Burners. Some people call them MSR Molten Salt Reactors. We just call them LFTBs.
The article also includes information on Japan’s LFTB project – FUJI.
Here’s a list of must-do-studies and interviews for background on Liquid Fission Thorium Energy, LFTBs or subjects related, such as radiation safety, the effects of Chernobyl and Linear No Threshold theory.
Professor Geraldine Thomas Director of the Chernobyl Tissue Bank — the world’s preeminent knowledge base for the real effects of radiation. Prof. Thomas is became staunchly pro-nuclear due to her directorship and her discovery of the truth—there was no issue with radiation from the indicent at Chernobyl.
Site story one: George Monbiot—former leading Greenpeace “anti-nuc” activist, dropped out of Greenpeace and became strongly pro nucelar after an interview he had with Proffessor Thomas. He was writing a nuclear hit piece for the UK’s Guardian he never finished.
Side story two: When Professor Thomas retired in 2022, she handed over the Chernobyl Tissue Bank to the U.S. National Cancer Institute. It is now a marginalized entity, doing little more than reiterating the century-old LNT narrative.
Side story three: After a century of radiation rules shaped by LNT, U.S. regulators are reconsidering the framework—renewing the charge that its dominance amounted to a century of lies and misdirection. The proposal changes how the rules are applied, though it retains [LNT] as a scientific basis.
Want to become an expert in the fraud of LNT, and it’s evidenced based counterpart Hormesis? Start here:
Mr. Daniel Roderick Former President and CEO of Westinghouse and then Toshiba Energy Systems. Danny led the sale of Westinghouse for Toshiba, securing a positive multi-billion USD outcome for Japan. He also led negotiations to secure USD 50 billion in funding for a new nuclear build in Türkiye.
Side story one: Roderick’s project was derailed by the 2016 attempted coup in Türkiye. Mitsubishi subsequently submitted (and withdrew) a fission build near Sinop, northern Türkiye.
Side story two: Rosatom of Russia is now commissioning the first unit of their fission power station in Akkuyu, southern Türkiye. The first unit will be running very shortly. Once complete, the four-unit plant is designed for 4,800 MW and is expected to supply about 10% of Turkey’s electricity.
Dr. Adi Paterson Former head of ANSTO and an advocate of Liquid Fission Thorium Energy Technology. During his 11-year tenure, Dr. Paterson steered Australia to membership of the Generation IV forum—the international body for advanced fission designs including LFTBs. This is no small feat given Australia’s historical distance from nuclear energy.
Dr. Adi Paterson
Dr. Adi Paterson is a former head of ANSTO and an advocate of Liquid Fission Thorium Energy Technology. During his nine-year tenure, he steered Australia into membership of the Generation IV International Forum, an international body focused on advanced fission designs, including LFTBs. This was no small feat, given Australia’s historical distance from nuclear energy.
Side story: Dr. Paterson redesigned the South African government’s Department of Science and Technology, which continues to thrive today. Necsa, the equivalent of ANSTO, declined his help. Its last director of research and development—remember, Necsa was founded as a research and development company—retired in February 2023 and was never replaced.
Dr. Resat Uzman Director of nuclear energy systems at Figes AS, of Türkiye. Dr. Uzman has more than 40 years experience in all things nuclear, Türkiye and rare earths – the materials where Thorium is often found bound with.
Professor Berrin Erbay Senior lecturer and former dean of mechanical engineering at Osmangazi University, Türkiye Prof. Erbay has been liaising with the professors in Japan for several decades. You can see one of her presentations on the status of Liquid Fission Technology and LFTBs in Japan here on Youtube:
Mr. Phumzile Tshelane Mr. Tshelane is a former CEO of NECSA South Africa, now holds various directorships across a wide range of industrial sectors. His position as head of a state owned nuclear technology development company gives him a particular view point on commercialisation of nuclear energy technologies, especially LFTBs.
Ms. Rana Önem Former president of the Thorium Student Guild. You should hear from someone discovered the benefits of Liquid Fission Thorium and LFTBs when studying their nuclear engineering degree. You can see Rana interviewing Dr. Uzman here. Follow the links at the end of the article to see her role as president of the Guild:
An important subject to cover is linear no threshold theory – a fraudulent model of radiation management that, unfortunately, has spawned an industry of radiation protection and radiation safety keen on maintaining its own survival. This results in massive, unnecessary overspending on nuclear builds. Professor Edward Calabrese is a leading expert on this subject and you can watch a series of interviews with Ed here:
Together with Professor Jerry Cuttler, Ed presents clearly, laying out how LNT has demonstrably been proven false. (And consequently those that died at Fukushima died unnecessarily, as a direct result of inappropriately applying that theory).
Here’s the background on the Türkiye Japan University (TJU). Our founder, Jeremiah Josey, met with the Japanese Ambassador to Türkiye in 2021 and confirmed Japanese support for technology development of Liquid Fission and LFTBs is easier should such work be included in the curriculum of the TJU. Early planning stages of the TJU can be seen here below. The vice president of TJU is a senior professor at the Tokyo University responsible for nuclear engineering.
The “only” obstacle to adoption of Liquid Fission Thorium and LFTB technology is the incumbent energy industries, coal, oil and gas. It’s a significant obstacle, and it would be naive to think otherwise. Operating much like the tobacco industry has done in the past, lobbyists and funding at all levels occurs to stymie any potential competitors.
It is predicted that the 7 Trillion USD per year fossil fuel energy market would shrink to a few hundred billion USD per year with a society powered by Liquid Fission Thorium and LFTBs. This is an obvious disincentive for incumbents to do anything but to obfuscate and delay. For the true scale of these numbers, that means that a world powered by Liquid Fission Thorium energy would require only one ship like the one below to carry ALL WORLD’s Energy for ONE year.
100,00 DWT Bulk Carrier Cape Ace
You can see that obfuscation at work here with both Wired and the Bulletin in 2019 on USA presidential candidate Andrew Yang:
Fact-check: Five claims about thorium made by Andrew Yang – Bulletin
The half truths and lies are difficult, if not impossible, for the layperson to identify. We contacted one of Andrew’s advisory team members and confirmed Andrew supports Liquid Fission Thorium, and was committing several billion USD to have USA’s energy footprint 100% on the technology by 2030. Technically very doable. Politically, not.
It is important to recognise the ecological and economic footprint of energy from Thorium (a substance as common as lead) as being much smaller than even uranium. In the article link above (the Japanese translation one) there are three slides that demonstrate the significant benefits Thorium has over uranium. These slides are repeated below.
Thorium and Uranium Compared Slide 1 of 3Thorium and Uranium Compared Slide 2 of 3Thorium and Uranium Compared Slide 3 of 3
The IAEA report TE1450 from 2005 is an excellent read. It says Thorium is not an issue and is a good prospect for energy – back in 2005. Once the physics is proven it doesn’t need to be “upgraded” every 6 months like an iPhone.
And yes, Thorium doesn’t explode. “Walk away safe” is a suitable term for Liquid Fission Technology and LFTBs.
Attached below is a brief summary of “Why Thorium didn’t take off” by Bruce Hoglund, 5 November 2010. It’s an excellent starting point for data gathering and research – and not “Wikipedia”. Wikipedia was used as partial evidence why the United Kingdom should’t use Thorium for energy. Around 2012 in a UK government 1.5m GBP funded “study”, rubbished Thorium and directly contradicted the advice of the IAEA’s TE 1450 report.
The information here is but the tip of the iceberg, however it gives an excellent starting point. There are of course, many, many others who can contribute considerably for a balanced and objective article or articles on Thorium for our energy future with LFTBs. And with today’s communications technology, such conversations are only but a few key strokes away.
Burning stuff is old tech.
Star Trek technology is where we have to be now. Fission does that, especially Liquid Fission Thorium Energy Technology and Liquid Fission Thorium Burners – LFTBs.
Uncle Martin would be proud. Nanu, nanu!
Post created following a 2 hour interview between Associated Press representative for Japan, [Ms. Yuri Kageyama] and chairman and founder of The Thorium Network, [Jeremiah Josey]
King Mohammed VI Invites Thorium Network President Jeremiah Josey to Present Bold Plan: Replace USD 8B Annual Fossil Fuel Imports with Nuclear Hydrogen by 2035
In April 2025, Jeremiah Josey, President of The Thorium Network, received an invitation from the Institut Royal des Études Stratégiques (IRES) on behalf of His Majesty King Mohammed VI to present a transformative vision for North Africa’s energy future. At the international conference “The Future of Nuclear Power in the World and in Morocco: Challenges of Integration into the National Energy Strategy,” Mr. Josey unveiled a bold, evidence-based road-map for how Morocco can leverage its vast nuclear fuel reserves to achieve complete energy independence, economic transformation, and regional leadership in clean energy innovation.
Watch the brief introduction by Jeremiah Josey introducing Thorium to Morocco
The core message was revolutionary yet grounded in geological fact: Morocco sits atop 30,000 tonnes of Thorium and 7 million tonnes of uranium — reserves that could power the nation for thousands of years. Rather than continuing to import USD 8 billion worth of fossil fuels annually, Morocco can harness these domestic resources through Liquid Fission technology, a safer, cheaper, and more sustainable form of nuclear power that eliminates long-term radioactive waste, operates without water cooling, and produces the high-temperature heat necessary for green hydrogen production, industrial processes, and medical isotope manufacturing.
“Morocco doesn’t need to import energy. It holds the key to its own energy sovereignty — in its soil. The question is not whether thorium can power Morocco’s future. The question is how quickly Morocco can seize this opportunity.”
Who Was There: Global Nuclear Leaders Align on Morocco’s Energy Future
The April 24–25, 2025 conference at Morocco’s Institut Royal des Études Stratégiques brought together an unprecedented assembly of international nuclear authorities, world-leading energy companies, and Morocco’s entire government energy sector. This convergence of institutional power signals a historic moment: the alignment of global nuclear expertise with Morocco’s strategic commitment to energy independence through thorium, liquid fission technology, and green hydrogen production.
International Nuclear Authority & World’s Largest Nuclear Operator
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) — the UN’s nuclear authority — sent senior leadership including Ms. Aline DES CLOIZEAUX, Director of the Nuclear Power Division, and Ms. Molly-Kate GAVELLO, Nuclear Project Officer. Their presence validates Morocco’s nuclear strategy at the highest international level and signals IAEA support for Morocco’s energy transition pathway.
EDF (Électricité de France) — the world’s largest nuclear operator and France’s energy giant — was represented by Mr. Laurent FABRE, Head of Business Development for Africa. EDF’s participation demonstrates confidence in Morocco’s nuclear potential and positions the nation as a strategic partner for Europe’s clean energy future. France’s proven model of 75% nuclear electricity provides the blueprint for Morocco’s transformation.
Newcleo — a leading developer of next-generation Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) and liquid fission technology — sent Mr. Angelo BEATI, Director of Global Innovation and Special R&D Projects. Newcleo’s presence represents the cutting edge of nuclear innovation: Gen-IV reactors that operate at 750°C, require no water cooling, and produce zero long-term waste.
French Government Strategic Partnership
France’s Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) — the nation’s nuclear authority — was represented by Mr. Frank CARRÉ, Former Director and current adviser to the Director of Energy, and Mr. Jacques PENNEROUX, Expert in Radiation Protection and Risk Management. France’s direct government participation signals bilateral nuclear cooperation and technology transfer commitment to Morocco.
Complete Moroccan Government Energy Sector Alignment
Every major Moroccan energy institution was present, demonstrating unprecedented government alignment:
ONEE (National Office of Electricity) — Morocco’s primary energy utility
Ministry of Energy Transition and Sustainable Development — Government energy policy authority
Masen (Moroccan Agency for Sustainable Energy) — Renewable and sustainable energy strategy
CNESTEN (National Center for Nuclear Energy, Sciences, and Techniques) — Nuclear research and development
Moroccan Agency for Nuclear and Radiological Safety and Security — Nuclear regulatory authority
IRESEN (Research Institute for Solar Energy and New Energies) — Renewable energy research
Academic & International Expert Network
MINES Paris – PSL Research University, Hassan II Academy of Sciences and Technology, and Women in Nuclear International provided scientific validation and professional expertise. International nuclear experts including Khammar MRABIT (former IAEA Director of Nuclear Safety) and Chirayu BATRA (Advanced Reactors Expert) presented cutting-edge research and global best practices.
What This Assembly Means
This convergence of international nuclear authority (IAEA), world’s largest nuclear operator (EDF), advanced reactor technology innovators (Newcleo), French government partnership (CEA), and complete Moroccan government alignment signals that Morocco’s nuclear energy transition is not aspirational — it is strategically committed, internationally validated, and technologically ready for deployment.
The presence of these organisations represents billions in combined nuclear expertise, decades of operational experience, and cutting-edge innovation. Morocco is not entering nuclear energy as an experiment — it is joining a global community of proven nuclear leaders committed to decarbonisation, energy independence, and economic transformation.
Immediate Action Catalyst
The presentation by Mr. Josey catalysed immediate action at the event:
A Memorandum of Understanding was reached with a global leader in Small Modular Fission (SMF) technology (under NDA),
A member of the Moroccan senate agreed to support,
Plans where laid out for 200 MW industrial mining and processing centre powered by Fission energy. This isn’t theoretical — it’s happening.
Why Thorium? The Strategic Case for Advanced Nuclear Energy in Morocco
Thorium-based Liquid Fission technology represents a fundamental breakthrough in nuclear energy. Unlike conventional uranium reactors, Thorium systems offer Morocco a unique combination of economic, environmental, and strategic advantages:
90% Cost Reduction — Liquid Fission thorium costs approximately USD 10/MWh versus USD 60/MWh for conventional uranium nuclear and USD 50–60/MWh for fossil fuels
Zero Long-Lived Radioactive Waste — Unlike uranium reactors that produce waste requiring 10,000+ years of storage, Thorium systems produce minimal residual waste with manageable half-lives
High-Temperature Output (~750°C) — Enables direct industrial applications: hydrogen production via high-temperature electrolysis, ammonia synthesis, steel production, and desalination
No Water Cooling Required — Critical for Morocco, a water-stressed nation; Liquid Fission operates at atmospheric pressure without competing for scarce water resources
100% Fuel Burnup — Achieves complete utilisation of nuclear fuel, eliminating waste and maximising energy extraction
Blockchain-Tracked Medical Isotopes — Enables secure, transparent tracking of medical-grade isotopes for cancer therapy and diagnostics
Supercritical CO₂ Turbines — Delivers ultra-efficient power generation with compact, modular designs suitable for distributed energy systems
Fuel Flexibility — Can utilise Thorium, uranium, and even recycled nuclear fuel, providing strategic energy security
These advantages position Thorium not as an alternative to renewable energy, but as the essential complement that makes Morocco’s clean energy transition economically viable and technically feasible.
Morocco’s Energy Crisis: The Urgent Case for Transformation
Morocco’s current energy situation is unsustainable. The nation spends USD 8 billion annually importing fossil fuels — primarily oil, coal, and natural gas — while suffering an additional USD 1.1 billion in annual air pollution costs (approximately 1% of GDP). This represents a massive economic drain that diverts capital from education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.
Current Energy Consumption Breakdown (~1 Exajoule/Year)
Fossil Fuels: >90%
Transport sector: 25% (primarily liquid fuels for vehicles) — USD 6B/year in oil imports
Electricity generation fuel input: 40% (coal at USD 1.5B/year, natural gas at USD 0.5B/year)
Solar Energy: ~0.6% (1.5 GW installed, 13% capacity factor)
Biomass: <1%
Nuclear Energy: 0% (currently non-existent in Morocco’s energy portfolio, despite massive fuel reserves)
This energy portfolio creates multiple vulnerabilities: price volatility in global oil markets, geopolitical dependence on energy suppliers, environmental degradation from coal and oil combustion, and limited economic competitiveness due to high energy costs. Morocco’s population of 37 million, with a GDP of USD 150 billion, cannot afford to remain dependent on imported fossil fuels. The nation needs a strategic pivot toward domestic energy resources.
Morocco’s Untapped Nuclear Treasure: Thorium and Uranium Reserves
Morocco possesses exceptional nuclear fuel resources that could provide energy security for millennia — yet these reserves remain largely undeveloped:
Uranium Reserves: 7 Million Tonnes
Energy Supply Potential: Approximately 6,500 years of energy independence (without breeding or reprocessing)
Global Context: Morocco ranks among nations with the world’s most significant uranium deposits
Current Status: Largely unexploited; represents a strategic reserve for future energy security
Thorium Reserves: 30,000 Tonnes
Energy Supply Potential: Approximately 1,000 years of energy independence (without breeding or reprocessing)
Advanced Utilisation: When fully utilised in advanced Liquid Fission burners, Thorium delivers extraordinary energy density — 79,000,000 MJ/kg compared to petroleum’s 40 MJ/kg
Strategic Value: Thorium is 3–4 times more abundant than uranium globally, making it the ideal long-term fuel for sustainable nuclear energy
To contextualise this energy wealth: Morocco’s Thorium reserves contain more usable energy than all the oil reserves in the Middle East. This is not a minor resource — it is a strategic asset comparable to oil wealth for energy-producing nations, yet with the advantage of domestic availability and zero geopolitical dependence.
Morocco’s Nuclear History: Seven Decades of Scientific Foundation
Morocco’s engagement with nuclear science and technology spans more than 70 years, establishing a foundation of expertise and institutional capacity:
1950s: Initial nuclear applications in medical, agricultural, and industrial sectors; establishment of nuclear research programs
1980s: Sidi Boulbra identified as a suitable nuclear facility site; comprehensive feasibility studies conducted by IAEA and French engineers
1980: Section 123 Agreement signed with the United States, establishing bilateral nuclear cooperation framework
2001: Renewed Section 123 Agreement with the USA, reinforcing long-term nuclear cooperation commitment
2003: Establishment of the Maamora Nuclear Research Centre with a 2 MWt TRIGA reactor
2009: TRIGA reactor becomes operational at La Maamora in Kenitra; Morocco confirms nuclear energy as part of national energy strategy
2015: IAEA International Nuclear Infrastructure Review (INIR) Program supports development of a 1 GW nuclear facility (representing approximately 10% of Morocco’s current grid capacity)
2022: New research reactor planned in partnership with Rosatom (Russia), advancing Morocco’s nuclear capability
This institutional history demonstrates that Morocco is not entering nuclear energy as a novice. The nation has decades of experience with nuclear science, established regulatory frameworks, trained personnel, and proven partnerships with international nuclear authorities. The infrastructure for nuclear expansion already exists; what is needed is strategic commitment and capital investment.
Global Energy Context: Lessons from Germany, China, and France
Germany’s Renewable Transition: A Cautionary Tale
Germany’s experience with renewable energy deployment provides critical lessons for Morocco’s energy planning. Despite investing over €1.5 trillion in renewable infrastructure, Germany has achieved:
No Significant CO₂ Reduction — Emissions have plateaued despite massive renewable investment
Doubled Energy Prices — Electricity costs have increased dramatically compared to nuclear-powered France
Industrial Competitiveness Crisis — Energy-intensive industries are relocating due to high electricity costs
Coal and Nuclear Paradox — Coal power plants are being reactivated to compensate for renewable intermittency and Germany actively buys surplus energy from nuclear neighbour France.
Nuclear Reconsideration — Germany is now reconsidering nuclear energy as essential to its energy transition
The German experience demonstrates that renewables cannot achieve decarbonisation goals. Intermittency creates grid instability, requiring either expensive battery storage, fossil fuel backup, or nuclear baseload power. Morocco must learn from Germany’s costly mistakes and design an integrated energy system combining nuclear baseload with renewable generation.
China and Russia: The Nuclear Construction Advantage
China and Russia have demonstrated the economic and technical advantages of streamlined nuclear development:
Construction Cost: China builds nuclear plants at approximately USD 2 million per installed MW, compared to USD 5–10 million/MW in Western nations
Construction Timeline: Chinese and Russian projects are completed in 5–7 years, versus 10–15+ years for Western projects
Regulatory Efficiency: Streamlined regulatory processes avoid the consultancy overhead that inflates Western nuclear costs
Technology Transfer: Both nations offer proven reactor designs and fuel cycle technology to partner nations
Morocco’s strategic partnerships with China and Russia for nuclear deployment offer significant cost advantages unavailable through Western suppliers, making large-scale nuclear expansion economically feasible.
France: The Nuclear Success Model
France demonstrates that high nuclear penetration is achievable, economically viable, and compatible with industrial competitiveness:
Nuclear Energy Share: 75% of electricity generation
Energy Security: Achieved through domestic nuclear capacity; minimal fossil fuel dependence
Decarbonisation: Lowest carbon electricity in Europe
Energy Prices: Competitive electricity prices despite high labour costs
France’s model proves that nuclear energy enables both decarbonisation and economic competitiveness — a pathway Morocco can replicate.
Morocco’s Renewable Energy Infrastructure: Ouarzazate Solar Power Station Case Study
Morocco’s most significant renewable energy investment — the Ouarzazate Solar Power Station (Noor نور) — provides valuable lessons about the economics and limitations of solar energy in North Africa:
Economic Analysis: Why Solar Costs More Than Nuclear
The dramatic difference between nameplate capacity (580 MW) and firm supply (133 MW) illustrates the fundamental intermittency challenge of solar technology. The 23% capacity factor reflects Morocco’s solar resource availability and operational realities. When compared to nuclear alternatives, the cost differential is striking:
Ouarzazate Solar: USD 68 million per useful-MW
CAP1000 (China): ~USD 2 million per MW (90% capacity factor)
VVER1200 (Russia): ~USD 5.5 million per MW (90% capacity factor)
Over a 100-year lifecycle, this cost differential becomes catastrophic. Solar panels require 100% replacement every 20–25 years; wind turbines need entire overhauls every 20 years; battery storage systems require replacement every 10–15 years. Nuclear plants operate for 60–80+ years with minimal equipment replacement. The Ouarzazate project’s total lifetime cost approaches USD 160 billion, while an equivalent nuclear facility would cost USD 78–105 billion — a USD 55–82 billion savings over the asset’s lifespan.
However, the Ouarzazate project did provide valuable experience with molten salt thermal storage technology, which has direct applications for advanced Liquid Fission machines operating at 750°C.
Morocco’s Hydrogen Economy: USD 32.5 Billion in Approved Projects
Morocco has already committed to substantial green hydrogen and ammonia production projects, positioning itself as a regional clean energy exporter. These projects demonstrate that Morocco’s energy transition is not theoretical — it is already underway:
Major Projects Under Development
Dahamco Ammonia Project (Dakhla)
Investment: USD 25 billion USD
Location: Dakhla, Morocco (Western Sahara region)
Production Capacity: 1 million tonnes of ammonia per year
Timeline: Operational by 2031
Market Focus: Export-oriented (primarily European markets)
Land Requirements: Up to 30,000 hectares for renewables and electrolysis infrastructure
OCP Group Green Ammonia Facility (Tarfaya)
Investment: USD 7 billion USD
Location: Near Tarfaya, Morocco
Phase 1 Production: 1 million tonnes per year by 2027
Phase 2 Production: 3 million tonnes per year by 2032
Land Requirements: Up to 30,000 hectares for renewables and electrolysis infrastructure
Total Approved Investment: USD 32.5 Billion USD
These projects represent Morocco’s commitment to becoming a global clean energy exporter. However, they also highlight a critical challenge: renewable-powered electrolysis is intermittent, matching renewable generation patterns. Nuclear-powered electrolysis could operate continuously, enabling 24/7 hydrogen production and reducing electrolyzer capital costs per unit of hydrogen produced.
Strategic International Partnerships
Morocco’s hydrogen strategy involves partnerships with major international players:
UAE: TAQA (Abu Dhabi National Oil Company) — capital and expertise
China: UEG (United Energy Group) and China Three Gorges — technology and construction
European Union: TotalEnergies, Engie, Acwa Power — technology transfer and export market access
Additional Partners: Multiple additional projects in development with international strategic partners
Hydrogen Production Technologies: Cost Analysis and Strategic Options
Morocco’s hydrogen economy requires understanding the diverse production methods, their costs, and their strategic advantages:
Hydrogen Production Methods and Cost Comparison
Production Method
Cost Range (USD/kg)
Technology Status
Strategic Notes
Steam Methane Reforming
0.5 – 3.5
Mature
Lowest cost; depends on natural gas prices; produces “grey” or “blue” hydrogen with carbon capture
Alkaline Electrolysis
2.0 – 6.0
Mature
Proven technology; cost depends on electricity prices and electrolyzer capital costs
Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM)
2.0 – 6.0
Mature
Flexible operation; higher capital costs; suitable for variable renewable power
Solid Oxide Electrolysis (High-Temperature)
2.0 – 6.0
Emerging
Potential for waste heat integration; improves efficiency with high-temperature nuclear heat
Green Hydrogen (Renewables-Based Electrolysis)
3.0 – 7.0
Mature
Depends on renewable electricity cost, electrolyzer CAPEX, and capacity factor; intermittent production
High-Temperature Electrolysis (Nuclear-Powered)
>4
Emerging
Potential for cost reduction to ~USD 2/kg by 2026 (DOE target); requires stable, continuous heat source
Thermochemical (Solar/Nuclear)
3.5
Emerging
Not yet commercial; requires high-temperature heat source
Methane Pyrolysis
1.0
Laboratory
Emerging breakthrough; produces high-value graphene byproduct; requires stable continuous power
Strategic Hydrogen Production Pathway for Morocco
Near-Term (2025–2030): Green hydrogen via renewable-powered electrolysis (USD 3–7/kg)
Long-Term (2035+): Methane pyrolysis with nuclear heat (USD 1/kg) + graphene byproduct production
Strategic Synergies: Why Nuclear and Renewables Are Complementary, Not Competitive
The most critical insight from Jeremiah Josey’s presentation is that nuclear energy and renewable sources are not competitors but essential complements that create strategic synergies:
How Nuclear Complements Renewables
Baseload Power Supply: Nuclear provides consistent, 24/7 power generation independent of weather conditions, enabling grid stability
Grid Stability: Stable nuclear output balances intermittent renewable generation, reducing need for expensive battery storage
Hydrogen Production: Continuous nuclear power enables consistent hydrogen production via electrolysis, eliminating intermittency limitations
Capacity Factor Advantage: Nuclear plants operate at 90%+ capacity factors, compared to solar (13–23%) and wind (30–40%)
The combination of nuclear power with methane pyrolysis could produce hydrogen at approximately USD 1/kg while generating valuable graphene byproducts — creating a profitable, sustainable hydrogen economy.
Thorium (fully utilised in advanced liquid fission burners): 79,000,000 MJ/kg
The energy density of thorium, when fully utilised in advanced Liquid Fission burners, is approximately 179,000 times greater than petroleum products and 658,000 times greater than ammonia. This extraordinary energy density explains why Thorium reserves of only 30,000 tonnes can power Morocco for 1,000 years.
Liquid fission reactors using eutectic salt fuel represent an advanced nuclear technology with significant advantages over conventional solid-fuel reactors:
Operational Advantages
No Water Required: Eliminates water cooling requirements, enabling deployment in arid regions like Morocco
Low Pressure Operation: Operates at atmospheric pressure, reducing containment requirements and safety risks
100% Fuel Burnup: Achieves complete utilisation of nuclear fuel, eliminating waste and maximising energy extraction
Zero Long-Term Waste: Eliminates long-term radioactive waste storage requirements; residual waste has manageable half-lives
Fuel Flexibility: Can utilize thorium, uranium, and recycled nuclear fuel, providing strategic energy security
High Operating Temperature: Operates at approximately 750°C, enabling high-temperature applications (hydrogen production, industrial heat, desalination)
The elimination of water cooling requirements is particularly significant for Morocco, a water-stressed nation in North Africa. Liquid fission technology enables nuclear power generation without competing for scarce water resources — a critical advantage for a semi-arid country facing increasing water scarcity due to climate change.
Comparative Cost Analysis: Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE)
Technology
Cost (USD/MWh)
Capacity Factor
Fuel Cost
Liquid Fission Thorium
10
90%+
Minimal (domestic Thorium)
Solar
20
13–23%
Zero (but requires replacement every 25–30 years)
Wind
20
30–40%
Zero (but requires major overhauls every 20 years)
Coal
50
70%
Ongoing (imported)
Natural Gas
60
50%
Ongoing (imported)
Solid Fission Uranium
60
90%
Ongoing (imported fuel)
This analysis demonstrates that liquid fission Thorium technology offers the lowest cost of electricity generation at approximately USD 10/MWh, compared to USD 20/MWh for solar and wind, and USD 50–60/MWh for conventional nuclear and fossil fuels. Over a 60–80 year operational lifespan, this cost advantage translates to hundreds of billions in economic savings.
Global Thorium Research Initiative: Morocco Joins the Vanguard?
Morocco’s potential with Thorium technology would align it with a global research trend. Major research institutions worldwide are investigating Thorium fuel cycles, positioning thorium as the future of sustainable nuclear energy:
China: Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP) — leading thorium research
Russia: Kurchatov Institute — advanced reactor design
France: Grenoble Institute of Technology — fuel cycle research
International: European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)
India: Indian Atomic Energy Commission (DAE) — Thorium fuel cycle development
USA: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Idaho National Laboratory (INL), Texas A&M University — Thorium research centers
Canada: Canadian Nuclear Laboratories (CNL)
Japan: Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA)
Netherlands: Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO)
Denmark: Denmark Technical University (DTU)
Czech Republic: Nuclear Research Institute (NRI)
Brazil: Brazilian Nuclear Energy Commission (CNEN)
Germany: German Research Center for Geosciences (GFZ)
This global research effort demonstrates the international recognition of Thorium’s potential as a long-term nuclear fuel solution. Morocco, by establishing a Thorium Research Centre and deploying liquid fission technology, would position itself at the forefront of this global energy revolution.
Building Africa’s Nuclear Innovation Hub: The Thorium Research Centre (TRC)
Morocco’s vast reserves of 30,000 tonnes of thorium — sitting largely untapped in its soil — represent far more than a commodity: they represent a pathway to energy independence, economic transformation, and regional leadership. The proposed Thorium Research Centre (TRC), with an estimated CHF 100 million investment and a 5-year development timeline, transforms Morocco from a resource-rich nation into a global hub for advanced nuclear innovation.
TRC Organisational Structure and Research Divisions
Housed in state-of-the-art facilities and powered by Liquid Fission Thorium technology, the TRC will operate five specialized divisions:
1. Power Generation Division
Development of supercritical CO₂ turbines for ultra-efficient electricity generation
Optimisation of liquid fission reactor designs for modular deployment
Integration with grid management systems for distributed energy
Testing and validation of reactor performance at commercial scale
2. Industrial Heat Applications Division
Hydrogen production via high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) at 750°C
Ammonia synthesis for fertilizer and fuel applications
Desalination for water security in arid regions
Steel and cement production using nuclear heat
Process heat for chemical and petrochemical industries
3. Medical Isotope Manufacturing Division
Production of medical isotopes for cancer diagnostics and therapy (Mo-99, Lu-177, I-131)
Blockchain-secured isotope tracking for patient safety and regulatory compliance
Development of Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) isotopes for advanced cancer treatment
Collaboration with global medical institutions for clinical trials and distribution
Export of medical isotopes to African and European markets
4. Environmental Research & Sustainability Division
Life-cycle analysis of Thorium fuel cycles versus uranium and fossil fuels
Environmental impact assessment of liquid fission technology
Waste management strategies for minimal environmental footprint
Water conservation studies for arid-region deployment
Carbon footprint reduction through nuclear energy transition
5. Fuel Security & Blockchain Tracking Division
Development of secure Thorium fuel supply chains from mining to reactor
Blockchain-based tracking of nuclear materials for non-proliferation compliance
Smart contract integration for fuel procurement and logistics
Real-time monitoring of fuel burnup and waste generation
International regulatory compliance and IAEA coordination
Economic Impact and Job Creation
Beyond research, the TRC promises transformative economic impact:
High-Skilled Job Creation: 500+ permanent positions in nuclear engineering, materials science, medical physics, and industrial applications
90% Cost Savings: Liquid Fission Thorium systems cost 90% less than conventional uranium-based nuclear
Export Opportunities: Medical isotopes, hydrogen, ammonia, and technical expertise for African and European markets
Technology Transfer: Training programs for African nations seeking nuclear energy independence
Supply Chain Development: Local manufacturing of reactor components, turbines, and specialised equipment
Strategic Partnerships and International Collaboration
The TRC’s success depends on strategic partnerships with global institutions such as:
Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics (SINAP), China: Thorium fuel cycle expertise and reactor design collaboration
Kurchatov Institute, Russia: Advanced reactor engineering and materials science
Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), USA: Thorium research and medical isotope production
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA): Regulatory framework and safety standards
European Nuclear Research Organizations: Technology transfer and hydrogen production research
You can read the presentation for the Thorium Research Centre here:
Storage Technology: Advancement in hydrogen storage solutions (salt caverns, metal hydrides, underground storage)
Transport Technology: Development of safe, efficient hydrogen transport methods (pipelines, ships, trucks)
End-User Solutions: Maturation of hydrogen fuel cells and combustion technologies for transport and industry
Infrastructure Standards: International standardization of hydrogen infrastructure and safety protocols
International Cooperation and Market Development
Technology Transfer: Access to advanced nuclear and hydrogen technologies from global partners
Capital Investment: International financing for large-scale nuclear and hydrogen projects
Export Markets: European and global markets for green hydrogen and ammonia
Regulatory Harmonisation: International standards for nuclear safety and hydrogen trade
Balanced Energy Mix Achievement
If renewables become cheaper and more reliable, and hydrogen storage and transport solutions mature, Morocco can achieve a balanced energy mix combining:
Nuclear Baseload: Stable, large-scale power generation (5–10 GW)
Renewable Generation: Wind and solar for peak and distributed generation (10–15 GW)
Hydrogen Production: Continuous green hydrogen production (4 million tonnes/year)
Energy Storage: Hydrogen and battery storage for grid flexibility
Strategic Resilience
This balanced approach provides:
Energy Security: Reduced fossil fuel imports and enhanced independence
Economic Competitiveness: Affordable, reliable electricity for industry and commerce
Decarbonization: Significant CO₂ emission reductions and air quality improvement
Regional Leadership: Position as clean energy hub for North Africa and Mediterranean region
Climate Resilience: Diversified energy portfolio reduces vulnerability to climate variability
Conclusion: Morocco’s Strategic Energy Transformation
Morocco possesses the resources, strategic location, and international partnerships necessary to transform its energy system from fossil fuel dependence to nuclear-renewable integration with green hydrogen production. The nation’s abundant uranium and thorium reserves, combined with excellent solar and wind resources, create a unique opportunity for comprehensive energy transformation.
Key Strategic Assets
7 million tonnes of uranium (6,500 years of supply)
30,000 tonnes of Thorium (1,000 years of supply, infinite with breeding)
Excellent solar and wind resources for renewable generation
Strategic geographic location for European energy exports
Established international partnerships with China, Russia, UAE, and European firms
USD 32.5 billion in approved green hydrogen and ammonia projects
Decades of nuclear science expertise and institutional capacity
Implementation Requirements
USD 70 billion CAPEX for 35 GW nuclear and renewable capacity
USD 5 billion for hydrogen infrastructure development
International partnerships for technology and capital
Regulatory framework supporting rapid deployment
Workforce development for nuclear and hydrogen sectors
Expected Outcomes by 2035
5 GW coal replacement with nuclear
4 million tonnes per year green hydrogen production
24 million tonnes per year green ammonia production
Enhanced energy security and economic competitiveness
50,000+ jobs in clean energy sectors
USD 30+ billion annually from hydrogen and ammonia exports
Morocco’s nuclear and renewable energy strategy represents a comprehensive, long-term vision for energy independence, economic development, and environmental sustainability. By coupling nuclear baseload power with renewable generation and green hydrogen production, Morocco can achieve energy transformation while positioning itself as a regional clean energy leader and exporter to European markets.
The pathway forward requires sustained commitment to international partnerships, strategic infrastructure investment, and technological innovation. With these elements in place, Morocco can transition from fossil fuel dependence to a sustainable, secure, and prosperous energy future powered by thorium, nuclear technology, and renewable sources.
This is not a distant dream — it is a strategic imperative. The time for Morocco to seize its energy sovereignty is now.
About the Presenter and The Thorium Network
Jeremiah Josey, Founder and Chairman of The Thorium Network, is a leading advocate for Thorium-based nuclear energy and advanced Liquid Fission technology. His presentation to Morocco’s Institut Royal des Études Stratégiques represents a pivotal moment in North Africa’s energy transition, bringing together scientific expertise, economic analysis, and strategic vision to demonstrate how thorium can power Morocco’s future.
The Thorium Network is a global organisation dedicated to advancing Thorium fuel cycle technology, promoting nuclear energy as essential to decarbonisation, and supporting nations seeking energy independence through advanced nuclear innovation.
This comprehensive analysis represents Morocco’s strategic opportunity to transform from a fossil fuel-dependent nation into Africa’s clean energy leader. By leveraging Thorium reserves, advanced nuclear technology, and renewable resources, Morocco can achieve energy independence, economic prosperity, and regional influence while contributing to global decarbonisation goals.
1) Study on Solar Power in Morocco by SAFE Fission ConsultTM a division of The Thorium Network
The Economics of Clean Energy: Why Nuclear Outperforms Renewables Over a Century
In his presentation to Morocco’s Royal Institute for Strategic Studies, Jeremiah Josey presented a groundbreaking economic analysis comparing the Xlinks Morocco-UK renewable project against nuclear power plants using CAP1000 and VVER-1200 technologies. The findings were striking: over a 100-year lifecycle, nuclear power delivers 3.6 GW of firm capacity at a levelized cost of €25–33 per MWh, while the Xlinks project — despite being zero-carbon — costs nearly €50 per MWh due to repeated replacements of solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and subsea cables.
The numbers tell the story. Nuclear’s total lifetime cost: €78–105 billion. Xlinks’ total lifetime cost: €160 billion. Why the gap? Nuclear plants operate at ~90% capacity factor with minimal equipment replacement over their lifespan, while renewables require 5 solar replacements, 5 wind turbine overhauls, and 10 battery cycles — each a massive capital investment. When you factor in operating costs, maintenance, and the brutal maritime environment of Tan-Tan, Morocco, the renewable project’s financial burden becomes unsustainable. Nuclear’s superior return on investment (19–27% IRR) versus renewables (12% IRR) demonstrates why energy-independent nations are choosing atomic power for long-term stability.
Thorium has the potential to transform the future of energy. The most important developments are taking place in laboratories, supply chains, and technology projects around the world—not only in the headlines.
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